崖柏与侧柏光合特性和叶绿素荧光参数的比较研究

以盆栽的中国特有濒危植物崖柏及其近缘广布种侧柏幼苗为材料,测定了二者的光照和二氧化碳响应特征参数、光合作用气体交换参数和叶绿素荧光参数,比较分析两者间差异并探讨崖柏异地保存的可行性。结果显示:(1)在光响应参数方面,崖柏和侧柏的表观量子效率分别为0.039和0.027 mol.mol-1,但二者差异不显著;崖柏的光补偿点(81.04μmol.m-2.s-1)显著高于侧柏(59.72μmol.m-2.s-1),但二者的最大净光合速率(Pmax)、光饱和点(LSP)和暗呼吸速率(Rd)均无显著差异;崖柏的CO2补偿点(129.17μmol.mol-1)显著高于侧柏(95.86μmol.mol-1),而光呼吸速率则崖柏略高于侧柏,但二者的羧化效率相当。(2)气体交换参数方面,崖柏的叶片气孔导度和蒸腾速率均低于侧柏,而瞬时水分利用效率和气孔限制值则略高于侧柏;随着光照强度增加,崖柏和侧柏的净光合速率和胞间CO2浓度增加,而气孔限制值则降低。(3)2个树种的叶绿素荧光参数,如初始荧光、最大荧光、可变荧光、光系统Ⅱ原初光能转换效率、光系统Ⅱ实际光化学量子效率、非光化学猝灭等均无显著差异,但崖柏光化学猝灭系数(0.218)显著低于侧柏(0.322)。研究表明,崖柏与侧柏在光合特性和叶绿素荧光参数方面具有较大的相似性,也表明崖柏在生长季对北迁环境具有较强的适应性。     

东方蝾螈肝脏形态学与组织学观察

对东方蝾螈Synops orientalis的肝脏进行了组织学观察.结果 如下:东方蝾螈肝脏分为5叶,每叶由许多肝小叶组成.中央静脉位于小叶中央,肝细胞排列成肝细胞索(肝板),以中央静脉为中心向周围呈放射状排列.肝细胞索或肝细胞团之间的间隙为形状不规则、大小不等的肝血窦,窦壁由一层内皮细胞构成,间有枯否氏细胞,其核为细长状,有数目不等突起.肝细胞间有狄氏间隙,肝细胞呈多边形,胞核为圆形或卵圆形.肝实质内有大量色素沉着.并将东方蝾螈肝脏和其他动物肝脏进行了比较.     

Immunosuppressive activity of the ethanol extract of Siegesbeckia orientalis on the immune responses to ovalbumin in mice

The in vitro and in vivo immunosuppressive activity of the ethanol extract of Siegesbeckia orientalis (EESO) was studied on the immune responses in mice. EESO significantly suppressed concanavalin A (Con A)- and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated splenocyte proliferation in vitro in a concentration-dependent manner. ICR Mice were immunized subcutaneously with ovalbumin (OVA) on days 0 and 14. Beginning on the day of immunization, the mice were administered intraperitoneally with EESO at a single dose of 0.25, 0.5, and 1.0 mg at intervals of 7 days. On day 28, OVA-specific antibodies in serum, and mitogen- and OVA-induced splenocyte proliferation were measured. EESO significantly suppressed Con A-, LPS- and OVA-induced splenocyte proliferation in the OVA-immunized mice in a dose-dependent manner. The OVA-specific serum IgG, IgG1, and IgG2b levels in the OVA-immunized mice were also significantly reduced by EESO. Moreover, reducing effect on the IgG1 antibody of EESO at the dose of 1.0 mg was more significant than that of cyclosporin A (CsA; positive drug). The results suggest that EESO could suppress the cellular and humoral response to ovalbumin in mice, and deserve further investigations to be developed as immunosuppressant.     

不同育苗方式对移栽后侧柏和白榆幼苗根系生长的影响

不同类型苗木,具有不同的根系结构特征,其根系结构也将影响林木的生长和恢复生态系统的稳定性。以侧柏和白榆为研究对象,对移栽18个月后的种基盘苗与营养钵苗根系的生长进行了调查。结果表明:侧柏种基盘苗的总根长和平均直径比营养钵苗分别增加了316.20 cm和0.05mm,白榆苗则分别增加了651.54 cm和0.88mm。侧柏和白榆种基盘苗的根系表面积比营养钵苗分别增加了40.05%和73.04%。侧柏种基盘苗的根系总体积与营养钵苗的差异不显著,而白榆种基盘苗的根系总体积则比营养钵苗增加了54.70%。侧柏和白榆营养钵苗的一级侧根数量大于种基盘苗,增幅分别为42.31%和30.65%。对于侧柏来说,营养钵苗的根尖总数比种基盘苗的增加324个,但白榆苗差异不显著。各种处理的幼苗总根长与根系表面积都有显著相关性,但与根体积不具有显著相关性。营养钵苗的根系平均直径和根尖数量具有相对独立性,而种基盘的根系平均直径与总根长以及根体积均表现为显著相关。种基盘苗能提高侧柏、白榆幼苗的根冠比,促进幼苗株高、地径和主根的生长。采用种基盘苗进行植被恢复,由于其具有较大的根表面积和根长度,林木便具有了较大的吸收水分和营养的能力,以及较高的固结表层土壤能力。     

侧柏不同器官水提取物对油松种子萌发和幼苗生长的他感效应

研究了侧柏（Platycladus orientalis）根、枝、叶、果实不同浓度水提取物及枝叶挥发油对油松种子萌发和幼苗生长的他感效应。结果表明：侧柏各器官及挥发油都含有化感物质,均对油松种子萌发及幼苗生长表现出“高抑低促”效应,而且低浓度时的促进作用明显强于高浓度时的抑制作用。与对照相比,在浓度为2 mg·mL^-1时,侧柏根水提取物对油松幼苗根长和鲜重的促进能力最强,其根长和鲜重分别比对照提高了79.78%和376.60%;侧柏叶水提取物对油松幼苗苗高促进能力最强,比对照提高了102.41%;侧柏枝水提取物对油松种子发芽的促进能力最强,发芽率比对照提高了65.63%。而在浓度为30 mg·mL^-1时,除了侧柏根和枝水提取物对油松种子萌发（87.50%）和鲜重（85.11%）表现出明显的抑制作用外,其它提取物对油松幼苗根长和苗高生长的抑制作用均不明显。侧柏枝叶挥发油对油松种子萌发,幼苗生长均表现为促进作用,特别对油松种子萌发具有显著的促进作用,其促进率达70.37%。说明侧柏和油松混交,可能有利于油松树木生长及生产力的提高。     

TWO TYPES OF AUXILIARY CELL AMPULLAE IN GRATELOUPIA (HALYMENIACEAE,RHODOPHYTA), INCLUDING G. TAIWANENSIS SP. NOV. AND G. ORIENTALIS SP. NOV. FROM TAIWAN BASED ON rbcL GENE SEQUENCE ANALYSIS AND CYSTOCARP DEVELOPMENT1

Few species in the genus Grateloupia have been investigated in detail with respect to the development of the auxiliary cell ampullae before or after diploidization. In this study, we document the vegetative and reproductive structures of two new species of Grateloupia, G. taiwanensis S.‐M. Lin et H.‐Y. Liang sp. nov. and G. orientalis S.‐M. Lin et H.‐Y. Liang sp. nov., plus a third species, G. ramosissima Okamura, from Taiwan. Two distinct patterns are reported for the development of the auxiliary cell ampullae: (1) ampullae consisting of three orders of unbranched filaments that branch after diploidization of the auxiliary cell and form a pericarp together with the surrounding secondary medullary filaments (G. taiwanensis type), and (2) ampullae composed of only two orders of unbranched filaments in which only a few cells are incorporated into a basal fusion cell after diploization of the auxiliary cell and the pericarp consists almost entirely of secondary medullary filaments (G. orientalis type). G. orientalis is positioned in a large clade based on rbcL gene sequence analysis that includes the type species of Grateloupia C. Agardh 1822 , G. filicina. G. taiwanensis clusters with a clade that includes the generitype of Phyllymenia J. Agardh 1848 , Ph. belangeri from South Africa; that of Prionitis J. Agardh 1851 , Pr. lanceolata from Pacific North America; and that of Pachymeniopsis Y. Yamada ex Kawab. 1954, Pa. lanceolata from Japan. A reexamination of the type species of the genera Grateloupia, Phyllymenia, Prionitis, and Pachymeniopsis is required to clarify the generic and interspecific relationships among the species presently placed in Grateloupia.     

Phytochemical analysis and in vitro antiviral activities of the essential oils of seven Lebanon species

The chemical composition of the essential oils of Laurus nobilis, Juniperus oxycedrus ssp. oxycedrus, Thuja orientalis, Cupressus sempervirens ssp. pyramidalis, Pistacia palaestina, Salvia officinalis, and Satureja thymbra was determined by GC/MS analysis. Essential oils have been evaluated for their inhibitory activity against SARS-CoV and HSV-1 replication in vitro by visually scoring of the virus-induced cytopathogenic effect post-infection. L. nobilis oil exerted an interesting activity against SARS-CoV with an IC(50) value of 120 microg/ml and a selectivity index (SI) of 4.16. This oil was characterized by the presence of beta-ocimene, 1,8-cineole, alpha-pinene, and beta-pinene as the main constituents. J. oxycedrus ssp. oxycedrus oil, in which alpha-pinene and beta-myrcene were the major constituents, revealed antiviral activity against HSV-1 with an IC(50) value of 200 microg/ml and a SI of 5.     

东方趋流摇蚊群一新种(双翅目,摇蚊科)

记述采自湖北咸丰趋流摇蚊属1新种,命名为缢尖趋流摇蚊Rheocricotopus(Psilocricotopus)constrictus sp.nov.,新种隶属Psilocricotopus亚属的orientalis群.与R.(P.)orientalis Wang,R.(P.)calviculus Wang et Saether和R.(P.)villiculus Wang et Saether 3种近缘,主要区别为:下附器极长,棒状,并具有长毛;肛尖中部收缢;下唇须第3节仅具1簇感觉棒.迄今本群只记录于中国南方(东洋区),该群具有若干可以认定为亚属或属级阶元的特征,但尚需幼期虫态的发现加以确认.文中同时提供了世界本群雄成虫检索表.     

Distribution of Oriental and German cockroaches, Blatta orientalis and Blattella germanica (Dictyoptera), in the United Kingdom

Results are presented of a survey carried out by Rentokil Ltd on the distribution of the Oriental cockroach Blatta orientalis L. and the German cockroach Blattella germanica L. in the United Kingdom. The known ranges of both species are increased considerably by the findings of the survey, with several new vice-county records for Scotland (including the Western Isles), England and Wales. The frequency at which Blatta orientalis was observed in outdoor habitats may indicate that this species sometimes spreads to new areas without human assistance.     

Complete genome sequencing of sixteen Francisella noatunensis subsp. orientalis isolates: A genomic approach for molecular characterization and spread dynamics of this clonal population

Francisella noatunensis subsp. orientalis (FNO) is an important emerging pathogen associated with disease outbreaks in farm-raised Nile tilapia. FNO genetic diversity using PCR-based typing, no intra-species discrimination was achieved among isolates/strains from different countries, thus demonstrating a clonal behaviour pattern. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the population structure of FNO isolates by comparing whole-genome sequencing data. The analysis of recombination showed that Brazilian isolates group formed a clonal population; whereas other lineages are also supported by this analysis for isolates from foreign countries. The whole-genome multilocus sequence typing (wgMLST) analysis showed varying numbers of dissimilar alleles, suggesting that the Brazilian clonal population are in expansion. Each Brazilian isolate could be identified as a single node by high-resolution gene-by-gene approach, presenting slight genetic differences associated to mutational events. The common ancestry node suggests a single entry into the country before 2012, and the rapid dissemination of this infectious agent may be linked to market sales of infected fingerlings.